A review of the conditions in Canberra's lakes and the associated risk of neurodegenerative disease from airborne cyanobacteria toxins was undertaken. There is increasing concern about the potential links between long term exposure to airborne cyanobacterial toxins and neurodegenerative conditions. Canberra has urban lakes that regularly have cyanobacteria blooms. Large residential developments are within close proximity to these lakes. In Canberra, data are available on the cyanobacteria species present, but there is no information on presence or type of toxins when blooms occur. While data are available on neurodegenerative conditions, the geographic distribution of these conditions is not readily available. An approach to assessing the risk of neurodegenerative conditions arising from cyanobacteria toxins in Canberra is suggested.